<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><?xml-stylesheet href="http://www.blogger.com/styles/atom.css" type="text/css"?><feed xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom' xmlns:openSearch='http://a9.com/-/spec/opensearchrss/1.0/' xmlns:georss='http://www.georss.org/georss' xmlns:gd='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005' xmlns:thr='http://purl.org/syndication/thread/1.0'><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026</id><updated>2011-11-27T18:09:13.661-08:00</updated><title type='text'>math &amp; life</title><subtitle type='html'></subtitle><link rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#feed' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/posts/default'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default?max-results=100'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/'/><link rel='hub' href='http://pubsubhubbub.appspot.com/'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><generator version='7.00' uri='http://www.blogger.com'>Blogger</generator><openSearch:totalResults>18</openSearch:totalResults><openSearch:startIndex>1</openSearch:startIndex><openSearch:itemsPerPage>100</openSearch:itemsPerPage><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-8903716893753128690</id><published>2009-03-04T04:28:00.000-08:00</published><updated>2009-03-04T04:29:41.733-08:00</updated><title type='text'>블룸버그뉴스동영상</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="mms://media2.bloomberg.com/btv_US200_n.asf"&gt;mms://media2.bloomberg.com/btv_US200_n.asf&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-8903716893753128690?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/8903716893753128690/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=8903716893753128690' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/8903716893753128690'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/8903716893753128690'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2009/03/blog-post.html' title='블룸버그뉴스동영상'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-3586177345072384453</id><published>2007-09-02T06:34:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-09-02T06:37:44.042-07:00</updated><title type='text'>묻지마 이미지검색사이트</title><content type='html'>&lt;a href="http://myhome.mvwiz.com/hehehe77/index.php?search="&gt;http://myhome.mvwiz.com/hehehe77/index.php?search=&lt;/a&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-3586177345072384453?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/3586177345072384453/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=3586177345072384453' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/3586177345072384453'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/3586177345072384453'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/09/blog-post_6561.html' title='묻지마 이미지검색사이트'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-2767092762804800158</id><published>2007-09-02T06:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-09-02T06:34:23.432-07:00</updated><title type='text'>얼굴사진으로 나이를 맞추는 곳</title><content type='html'>&lt;table class="wsizef tl_fx" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;&lt;div class="article_contents"&gt;&lt;a href="http://phobos.applieddevice.com/fs/fs0101attr.php?T=4" target="_blank"&gt;http://phobos.applieddevice.com/fs/fs0101attr.php?T=4&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-2767092762804800158?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/2767092762804800158/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=2767092762804800158' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/2767092762804800158'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/2767092762804800158'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/09/blog-post_02.html' title='얼굴사진으로 나이를 맞추는 곳'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-6627350163487078973</id><published>2007-09-01T21:17:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-09-01T21:19:41.251-07:00</updated><title type='text'>날짜별 학습 진행 상황 - 수능영어</title><content type='html'>&lt;h3&gt;날짜별 학습 진행 상황 - 수능영어 [riemann]&lt;/h3&gt;       &lt;table border="1" cellpadding="5" width="468"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt; &lt;th&gt;날짜&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;출제 문항 수&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;맞은 문항 수&lt;/th&gt;&lt;th&gt;백분율 점수&lt;/th&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;  &lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;td&gt;2007-09-02&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;50&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;48&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;96&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;td&gt;2007-08-31&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;53&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;48&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;90&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;td&gt;2007-08-30&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;44&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;41&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;93&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;td&gt;2007-08-29&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;34&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;33&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;97&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;td&gt;2007-08-27&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;33&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;26&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;78&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;td&gt;2007-08-25&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;42&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;35&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;83&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr align="center"&gt;&lt;td&gt;2007-08-24&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;37&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;35&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td&gt;94&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-6627350163487078973?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/6627350163487078973/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=6627350163487078973' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/6627350163487078973'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/6627350163487078973'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/09/blog-post.html' title='날짜별 학습 진행 상황 - 수능영어'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-4243712973063651799</id><published>2007-07-01T00:25:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-07-01T00:25:20.415-07:00</updated><title type='text'>곱셈법4</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000af;"&gt;Using VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE you do not need to the multiplication tables beyond 5 X 5.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Suppose you need &lt;b&gt;8 x 7&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p&gt;8 is 2 below 10 and 7 is 3 below 10.&lt;br /&gt;Think of it like this:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://vedicmaths.org/Introduction/Tutorial/Graphics/tut2-Image1.gif" useimageheight="" useimagewidth="" align="bottom" height="73" width="93" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The answer is 56.&lt;br /&gt;The diagram below shows how you get it.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://vedicmaths.org/Introduction/Tutorial/Graphics/tut2-Image2.gif" useimageheight="" useimagewidth="" align="bottom" height="69" width="98" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You subtract crosswise 8-3 or 7 - 2 to get 5,&lt;br /&gt;the first figure of the answer.&lt;br /&gt;And you multiply vertically: 2 x 3 to get 6,&lt;br /&gt;the last figure of the answer.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000af;"&gt;That's all you do:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;See how far the numbers are below 10, subtract one&lt;br /&gt;number's deficiency from the other number, and&lt;br /&gt;multiply the deficiencies together.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;7 x 6 = &lt;u&gt;42&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;img src="http://vedicmaths.org/Introduction/Tutorial/Graphics/tut2-Image3.gif" useimageheight="" useimagewidth="" align="bottom" height="72" width="80" /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Here there is a carry: the 1 in the 12 goes over to make 3 into 4. &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000cc;"&gt;Here's how to use VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE for multiplying numbers close to 100.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt; &lt;div align="left"&gt;Suppose you want to &lt;b&gt;multiply 88 by 98&lt;/b&gt;. &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p align="left"&gt;Not easy,you might think. But with&lt;br /&gt;VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE you can give&lt;br /&gt;the answer immediately, using the same method&lt;br /&gt;as above.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="left"&gt;Both 88 and 98 are close to 100.&lt;br /&gt;88 is 12 below 100 and 98 is 2 below 100.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p align="left"&gt;You can imagine the sum set out like this:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;div align="left"&gt;&lt;img src="http://vedicmaths.org/Introduction/Tutorial/graphics/tut2-Image5.gif" height="70" width="49" /&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;p align="left"&gt;As before the &lt;b&gt;86&lt;/b&gt; comes from&lt;br /&gt;subtracting crosswise: 88 - 2 = 86&lt;br /&gt;(or 98 - 12 = 86: you can subtract&lt;br /&gt;either way, you will always get&lt;br /&gt;the same answer).&lt;br /&gt;And the &lt;b&gt;24&lt;/b&gt; in the answer is&lt;br /&gt;just 12 x 2: you multiply vertically.&lt;br /&gt;So &lt;b&gt;88 x 98 = &lt;u&gt;8624&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000cc;"&gt;Multiplying numbers just over 100.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;103 x 104 = &lt;u&gt;10712&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The answer is in two parts: 107 and 12,&lt;br /&gt;107 is just 103 + 4 (or 104 + 3),&lt;br /&gt;and 12 is just 3 x 4.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;Similarly &lt;b&gt;107 x 106 = &lt;u&gt;11342&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p&gt;107 + 6 = 113 and 7 x 6 =42&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-4243712973063651799?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/4243712973063651799/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=4243712973063651799' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/4243712973063651799'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/4243712973063651799'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/07/4.html' title='곱셈법4'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-7525264892725134030</id><published>2007-07-01T00:21:00.003-07:00</published><updated>2007-07-01T00:21:51.705-07:00</updated><title type='text'>곱셈법3</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000cc;"&gt;An elegant way of multiplying numbers using a simple pattern.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;21 x 23 = &lt;u&gt;483&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p&gt;This is normally called long multiplication but&lt;br /&gt;actually the answer can be written straight down&lt;br /&gt;using the VERTICALLY AND CROSSWISE&lt;br /&gt;formula.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;We first put, or imagine, 23 below 21:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="http://vedicmaths.org/Introduction/Tutorial/graphics/tut5-Image1.gif" height="81" width="66" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;There are 3 steps:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;a) Multiply &lt;b&gt;vertically on the left&lt;/b&gt;: 2 x 2 = &lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;    This gives the first figure of the answer.&lt;br /&gt;b) Multiply &lt;b&gt;crosswise and add&lt;/b&gt;: 2 x 3 + 1 x 2 = &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    This gives the middle figure.&lt;br /&gt;c) Multiply &lt;b&gt;vertically on the right&lt;/b&gt;: 1 x 3 = &lt;b&gt;3&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    This gives the last figure of the answer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;i&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000cc;"&gt;And thats all there is to it.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Similarly &lt;b&gt;61 x 31 = &lt;u&gt;1891&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="http://vedicmaths.org/Introduction/Tutorial/graphics/tut5-Image2.gif" height="84" width="74" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;6 x 3 = &lt;b&gt;18&lt;/b&gt;; 6 x 1 + 1 x 3 = &lt;b&gt;9&lt;/b&gt;; 1 x 1 = &lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000cc;"&gt;Multiply any 2-figure numbers together by mere mental arithmetic!&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;If you want 21 stamps at 26 pence each you can&lt;br /&gt;easily find the total price in your head.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;There were no carries in the method given above.&lt;br /&gt;However, there only involve one small extra step.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;21 x 26 = &lt;u&gt;546&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="http://vedicmaths.org/Introduction/Tutorial/graphics/tut5-Image4.gif" height="81" width="96" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;The method is the same as above&lt;br /&gt;except that we get a 2-figure number, 14, in the&lt;br /&gt;middle step, so the 1 is carried over to the left&lt;br /&gt;(4 becomes 5).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;So 21 stamps cost £5.46.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;33 x 44 = &lt;u&gt;1452&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;There may be more than one carry in a sum:&lt;/p&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="http://vedicmaths.org/Introduction/Tutorial/graphics/tut5-Image5.gif" height="82" width="112" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; &lt;p&gt;Vertically on the left we get 12.&lt;br /&gt;Crosswise gives us 24, so we carry 2 to the left&lt;br /&gt;and mentally get 144.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Then vertically on the right we get 12 and the 1&lt;br /&gt;here is carried over to the 144 to make 1452&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-7525264892725134030?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/7525264892725134030/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=7525264892725134030' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/7525264892725134030'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/7525264892725134030'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/07/3.html' title='곱셈법3'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-6838900666226957201</id><published>2007-07-01T00:21:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-07-01T00:21:23.947-07:00</updated><title type='text'>곱셉법2</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000af;"&gt;Multiplying a number by 11.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;To multiply any 2-figure number by 11 we just put&lt;br /&gt;the total of the two figures between the 2 figures.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;26 x 11 = &lt;u&gt;286&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p&gt;Notice that the outer figures in 286 are the 26&lt;br /&gt;being multiplied.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;And the middle figure is just 2 and 6 added up.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;So 72 x 11 = &lt;u&gt;792&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;77 x 11 = &lt;u&gt;847&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;This involves a carry figure because 7 + 7 = 14&lt;br /&gt;we get 77 x 11 = 7&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;47 = 847&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;234 x 11 = &lt;u&gt;2574&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;We put the 2 and the 4 at the ends.&lt;br /&gt;We add the first pair 2 + 3 = 5.&lt;br /&gt;and we add the last pair: 3 + 4 = 7.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-6838900666226957201?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/6838900666226957201/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=6838900666226957201' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/6838900666226957201'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/6838900666226957201'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/07/2.html' title='곱셉법2'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-9075107781840407977</id><published>2007-07-01T00:15:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-07-01T00:20:49.800-07:00</updated><title type='text'>곱셉법</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;&lt;span style="color:#0000af;"&gt;Method for diving by 9.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;23 / 9 = &lt;u&gt;2 remainder 5&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The first figure of 23 is 2, and this is the answer.&lt;br /&gt;The remainder is just 2 and 3 added up!&lt;/p&gt; &lt;/li&gt;&lt;li&gt;&lt;b&gt;43 / 9 = &lt;u&gt;4 remainder 7&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt;  &lt;p&gt;The first figure 4 is the answer&lt;br /&gt;and 4 + 3 = 7 is the remainder - could it be easier?&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/li&gt;&lt;/ul&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;134 / 9 = &lt;u&gt;14 remainder 8&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;The answer consists of &lt;b&gt;1,4&lt;/b&gt; and &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;1&lt;/b&gt; is just the first figure of 134.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;4&lt;/b&gt; is the total of the first two figures 1+ 3 = 4,&lt;br /&gt;and &lt;b&gt;8&lt;/b&gt; is the total of all three figures 1+ 3 + 4 = 8&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;842 / 9 = 8&lt;sub&gt;1&lt;/sub&gt;2 remainder 14 = &lt;u&gt;92 remainder 14&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/strong&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Actually a remainder of 9 or more is not usually&lt;br /&gt;permitted because we are trying to find how&lt;br /&gt;many 9's there are in 842.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Since the remainder, 14 has one more 9 with 5&lt;br /&gt;left over the final answer will be &lt;b&gt;&lt;u&gt;93 remainder 5&lt;/u&gt;&lt;/b&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-9075107781840407977?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/9075107781840407977/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=9075107781840407977' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/9075107781840407977'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/9075107781840407977'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/07/blog-post.html' title='곱셉법'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-416037633359439022</id><published>2007-05-24T04:47:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-24T04:47:43.644-07:00</updated><title type='text'>스티븐잡스의 스탠버드대 축사연설문</title><content type='html'>&lt;p&gt;I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;먼저 세계 최고의 명문으로 꼽히는 이 곳에서 여러분들의 졸업식에 참석하게 된 것을 영광으로 생각합니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;저는 대학을 졸업하지 못했습니다. 태어나서 대학교 졸업식을 이렇게 가까이서 보는 것은 처음이네요. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;오늘, 저는 여러분께 제가 살아오면서 겪었던 세 가지 이야기를 해볼까 합니다. 별로 대단한 이야기는 아니구요. 딱 세가지만요&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The first story is about connecting the dots. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;먼저, 인생의 전환점에 관한 이야기입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;전 리드 칼리지에 입학한지 6개월만에 자퇴했습니다. 그래도 일년 반 정도는 도강을 듣다, 정말로 그만뒀습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So why did I drop out?&lt;br /&gt;왜 자퇴했을까요? &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그 것은 제가 태어나기 전까지 거슬러 올라갑니다. 제 생모는 대학원생인 젊은 미혼모였습니다. 그래서 저를 입양보내기로 결심했던 거지요. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me! &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그녀는 제 미래를 생각해, 대학 정도는 졸업한 교양있는 사람이 양부모가 되기를 원했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife.&lt;br /&gt;그래서 저는 태어나자마자 변호사 가정에 입양되기로 되어 있었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl.&lt;br /&gt;그들은 여자 아이를 원했던 걸로 알고 있습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking:&lt;br /&gt;그들 대신 대기자 명단에 있던 양부모님들은 한 밤 중에 걸려온 전화를 받고 : &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?"&lt;br /&gt;"어떡하죠? 예정에 없던 사내아이가 태어났는데, 그래도 입양하실 건가요?" &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They said: "Of course."&lt;br /&gt;"물론이죠"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그런데 알고보니 양어머니는 대졸자도 아니었고, 양아버지는 고등학교도 졸업못한 사람이어서 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She refused to sign the final adoption papers.&lt;br /&gt;친어머니는 입양동의서 쓰기를 거부했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.&lt;br /&gt;친어머니는 양부모님들이 저를 꼭 대학까지 보내주겠다고 약속한 후 몇개월이 지나서야 화가 풀렸습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And 17 years later I did go to college.&lt;br /&gt;17년후, 저는 대학에 입학했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford,&lt;br /&gt;그러나 저는 멍청하게도 바로 이 곳, 스탠포드의 학비와 맞먹는 값비싼 학교를 선택했습니다&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition.&lt;br /&gt;평범한 노동자였던 부모님이 힘들게 모아뒀던 돈이 모두 제 학비로 들어갔습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;After six months, I couldn't see the value in it.&lt;br /&gt;결국 6개월 후, 저는 대학 공부가 그만한 가치가 없다는 생각을 했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out.&lt;br /&gt;내가 진정으로 인생에서 원하는 게 무엇인지, 그리고 대학교육이 그 것에 얼마나 어떻게 도움이 될지 판단할 수 없었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life.&lt;br /&gt;게다가 양부모님들이 평생토록 모은 재산이 전부 제 학비로 들어가고 있었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK.&lt;br /&gt;그래서 모든 것이 다 잘 될거라 믿고 자퇴를 결심했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made.&lt;br /&gt;지금 뒤돌아보면 참으로 힘든 순간이었지만, 제 인생 최고의 결정 중 하나였던 것 같습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me,&lt;br /&gt;자퇴를 하니 평소에 흥미없던 필수과목 대신 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.&lt;br /&gt;관심있는 강의만 들을 수 있었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms,&lt;br /&gt;그렇다고 꼭 낭만적인 것만도 아니었습니다. 전 기숙사에 머물 수 없었기 때문에 친구 집 마룻바닥에 자기도 했고 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I returned coke bottles for the 5￠ deposits to buy food with,&lt;br /&gt;한 병당 5센트씩하는 코카콜라 빈병을 팔아서 먹을 것을 사기도 했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple.&lt;br /&gt;또 매주 일요일, 맛있는 음식을 먹기 위해 7마일이나 걸어서 헤어 크리슈나 사원의 예배에 참석하기도 했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on.&lt;br /&gt;맛있더군요^^ 당시 순전히 호기와 직감만을 믿고 저지른 일들이 후에 정말 값진 경험이 됐습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Let me give you one example:&lt;br /&gt;예를 든다면 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country.&lt;br /&gt;그 당시 리드 칼리지는 아마 미국 최고의 서체 교육을 제공했던 것 같습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed.&lt;br /&gt;학교 곳곳에 붙어있는 포스터, 서랍에 붙어있는 상표들은 너무 아름다웠구요. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes,&lt;br /&gt;어차피 자퇴한 상황이라, 정규 과목을 들을 필요가 없었기 때문에 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this.&lt;br /&gt;서체에 대해서 배워보기로 마음먹고 서체 수업을 들었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great.&lt;br /&gt;그 때 저는 세리프와 산 세리프체를 배웠는데, 서로 다른 문자끼리 결합될 때 다양한 형태의 자간으로 만들어지는 굉장히 멋진 글씨체였습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.&lt;br /&gt;'과학적'인 방식으로는 따라하기 힘든 아름답고, 유서깊고, 예술적인 것이었고, 전 그 것에 흠뻑 빠졌습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life.&lt;br /&gt;사실, 이 때만해도 이런 것이 제 인생에 어떤 도움이 될지는 상상도 못했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me.&lt;br /&gt;그러나 10년 후 우리가 매킨토시를 처음 구상할 때, 그 것들은 고스란히 빛을 발했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography.&lt;br /&gt;우리가 설계한 매킨토시에 그 기능을 모두 집어넣었으니까요. 아마 아름다운 서체를 가진 최초의 컴퓨터가 아니였나 생각합니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If I had never dropped in on that single course in college,&lt;br /&gt;만약 제가 그 서체 수업을 듣지 않았다면 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts.&lt;br /&gt;매킨토시의 복수서체 기능이나 자동 자간 맞춤 기능은 없었을 것이고 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them.&lt;br /&gt;맥을 따라한 윈도우도 그런 기능이 없었을 것이고, 결국 개인용 컴퓨터에는 이런 기능이 탑재될 수 없었을 겁니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class,&lt;br /&gt;만약 학교를 자퇴하지 않았다면, 서체 수업을 듣지 못했을 것이고 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do.&lt;br /&gt;결국 개인용 컴퓨터가 오늘날처럼 뛰어난 인쇄술을 가질 수도 없었을 겁니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college.&lt;br /&gt;물론 제가 대학에 있을 때는 그 순간들이 내 인생의 전환점이라는 것을 알아챌 수 없었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.&lt;br /&gt;그러나 10년이 지난 지금에서야 모든 것이 분명하게 보입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards.&lt;br /&gt;달리 말하자면, 지금 여러분은 미래를 알 수 없습니다 : 다만 현재와 과거의 사건들만을 연관시켜 볼 수 있을 뿐이죠. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future.&lt;br /&gt;그러므로 여러분들은 현재의 순간들이 미래에 어떤식으로든지 연결된다는 걸 알아야만 합니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever.&lt;br /&gt;여러분들은 자신의 배짱, 운명, 인생, 카르마(업?) 등 무엇이든지 간에 '그 무엇'에 믿음을 가져야만 합니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.&lt;br /&gt;이런 믿음이 저를 실망시킨 적이 없습니다. 언제나 제 인생의 고비 때마다 힘이 되워줬습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My second story is about love and loss.&lt;br /&gt;두번째는 사랑과 상실입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was lucky I found what I loved to do early in life.&lt;br /&gt;저는 운 좋게도 인생에서 정말 하고싶은 일을 일찍 발견했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20.&lt;br /&gt;제가 20살 때, 부모님의 차고에서 스티브 워즈니악과 함께 애플의 역사가 시작됐습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees.&lt;br /&gt;차고에서 2명으로 시작한 애플은 10년 후에 4000명의 종업원을 거느린 2백억달러짜리 기업이 되었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired.&lt;br /&gt;제 나이 29살, 우리는 최고의 작품인 매킨토시를 출시했습니다. 그러나 이듬해 저는 해고당했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;How can you get fired from a company you started?&lt;br /&gt;내가 세운 회사에서 내가 해고 당하다니! &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me,&lt;br /&gt;당시, 애플이 점점 성장하면서, 저는 저와 잘 맞는 유능한 경영자를 데려와야겠다고 생각했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and for the first year or so things went well.&lt;br /&gt;처음 1년은 그런대로 잘 돌아갔습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out.&lt;br /&gt;그런데 언젠가부터 우리의 비전은 서로 어긋나기 시작했고, 결국 우리 둘의 사이도 어긋나기 시작했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out.&lt;br /&gt;이 때, 우리 회사의 경영진들은 존 스컬리의 편을 들었고, 저는 30살에 쫓겨나야만 했습니다. 그 것도 아주 공공연하게. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.&lt;br /&gt;저는 인생의 촛점을 잃어버렸고, 뭐라 말할 수 없는 참담한 심정이었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I really didn't know what to do for a few months.&lt;br /&gt;전 정말 말 그대로, 몇 개월 동안 아무 것도 할 수가 없었답니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me.&lt;br /&gt;마치 달리기 계주에서 바톤을 놓친 선수처럼, 선배 벤처기업인들에게 송구스런 마음이 들었고 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly.&lt;br /&gt;데이비드 패커드(HP의 공동 창업자)와 밥 노이스(인텔 공동 창업자)를 만나 이렇게 실패한 것에 대해 사과하려했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley.&lt;br /&gt;저는 완전히 '공공의 실패작'으로 전락했고, 실리콘 밸리에서 도망치고 싶었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;But something slowly began to dawn on me ?&lt;br /&gt;그러나 제 맘 속에는 뭔가가 천천히 다시 일어나기 시작했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit.&lt;br /&gt;전 여전히 제가 했던 일을 사랑했고, 애플에서 겪었던 일들조차도 그런 마음들을 꺾지 못했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.&lt;br /&gt;전 해고당했지만, 여전히 일에 대한 사랑은 식지 않았습니다. 그래서 전 다시 시작하기로 결심했습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me.&lt;br /&gt;당시에는 몰랐지만, 애플에서 해고당한 것은 제 인생 최고의 사건임을 깨닫게 됐습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything.&lt;br /&gt;그 사건으로 인해 저는 성공이란 중압감에서 벗어나서 초심자의 마음으로 돌아가 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.&lt;br /&gt;자유를 만끽하며, 내 인생의 최고의 창의력을 발휘하는 시기로 갈 수 있게 됐습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar,and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife.&lt;br /&gt;이후 5년동안 저는 '넥스트', '픽사', 그리고 지금 제 아내가 되어준 그녀와 사랑에 빠져버렸습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world.&lt;br /&gt;픽사는 세계 최초의 3D 애니메이션 토이 스토리를 시작으로, 지금은 가장 성공한 애니메이션 제작사가 되었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance.&lt;br /&gt;세기의 사건으로 평가되는 애플의 넥스트 인수와 저의 애플로 복귀 후, 넥스트 시절 개발했던 기술들은 현재 애플의 르네상스의 중추적인 역할을 하고 있습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.&lt;br /&gt;또한 로렌과 저는 행복한 가정을 꾸리고 있습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple.&lt;br /&gt;애플에서 해고당하지 않았다면, 이런 엄청난 일들을 겪을 수도 없었을 것입니다 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it.&lt;br /&gt;정말 독하고 쓰디 쓴 약이었지만, 이게 필요한 환자도 있는가봅니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith.&lt;br /&gt;때로 세상이 당신을 속일지라도, 결코 믿음을 잃지 마십쇼. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did.&lt;br /&gt;전 반드시 인생에서 해야할만 일이 있었기에, 반드시 이겨낸다고 확신했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers.&lt;br /&gt;당신이 사랑하는 일을 찾아보세요. 사랑하는 사람이 내게 먼저 다가오지 않듯, 일도 그런 것이죠. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your work is going to fill a large part of your life,&lt;br /&gt;'노동'은 인생의 대부분을 차지합니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work.&lt;br /&gt;그런 거대한 시간 속에서 진정한 기쁨을 누릴 수 있는 방법은 스스로가 위대한 일을 한다고 자부하는 것입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And the only way to do great work is to love what you do.&lt;br /&gt;자신의 일을 위대하다고 자부할 수 있을 때는, 사랑하는 일을 하고있는 그 순간 뿐입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it.&lt;br /&gt;지금도 찾지 못했거나, 잘 모르겠다해도 주저앉지 말고 포기하지 마세요. 전심을 다하면 반드시 찾을 수 있습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on.&lt;br /&gt;일단 한 번 찾아낸다면, 서로 사랑하는 연인들처럼 시간이 가면 갈수록 더욱 더 깊어질 것입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.&lt;br /&gt;그러니 그 것들을 찾아낼 때까지 포기하지 마세요. 현실에 주저앉지 마세요&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My third story is about death.&lt;br /&gt;세번째는 죽음에 관한 것입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like:&lt;br /&gt;17살 때, 이런 문구를 읽은 적이 있습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right."&lt;br /&gt;하루 하루를 인생의 마지막 날처럼 산다면, 언젠가는 바른 길에 서 있을 것이다 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years! ,&lt;br /&gt;이 글에 감명받은 저는 그 후 50살이 되도록 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself:&lt;br /&gt;거울을 보면서 자신에게 묻곤 했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?"&lt;br /&gt;오늘이 내 인생의 마지막 날이라면, 지금 하려고 하는 일을 할 것인가? &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.&lt;br /&gt;아니오!라는 답이 계속 나온다면, 다른 것을 해야한다는 걸 깨달았습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life.&lt;br /&gt;인생의 중요한 순간마다 '곧 죽을지도 모른다'는 사실을 명심하는 것이 저에게는 가장 중요한 도구가 됩니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Because almost everything ?&lt;br /&gt;왜냐구요? &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure -&lt;br /&gt;외부의 기대, 각종 자부심과 자만심. 수치스러움와 실패에 대한 두려움들은 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important.&lt;br /&gt;'죽음' 앞에서는 모두 밑으로 가라앉고, 오직 진실만이 남기 때문입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose.&lt;br /&gt;죽음을 생각하는 것은 무엇을 잃을지도 모른다는 두려움에서 벗어나는 최고의 길입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.&lt;br /&gt;여러분들이 지금 모두 잃어버린 상태라면, 더이상 잃을 것도 없기에 본능에 충실할 수 밖에 없습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer.&lt;br /&gt;저는 1년 전쯤 암진단을 받았습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas.&lt;br /&gt;아침 7시 반에 검사를 받았는데, 이미 췌장에 종양이 있었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I didn't even know what a pancreas was.&lt;br /&gt;그전까지는 췌장이란 게 뭔지도 몰랐는데요. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months.&lt;br /&gt;의사들은 길어야 3개월에서 6개월이라고 말했습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die.&lt;br /&gt;주치의는 집으로 돌아가 신변정리를 하라고 했습니다. 죽음을 준비하라는 뜻이었죠. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months.&lt;br /&gt;그 것은 내 아이들에게 10년동안 해줄수 있는 것을 단 몇달안에 다 해치워야된단 말이었고 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family.&lt;br /&gt;임종 시에 사람들이 받을 충격이 덜하도록 매사를 정리하란 말이었고 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It means to say your goodbyes.&lt;br /&gt;작별인사를 준비하라는 말이었습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I lived with that diagnosis all day.&lt;br /&gt;전 불치병 판정을 받았습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat,&lt;br /&gt;through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor.&lt;br /&gt;그 날 저녁 위장을 지나 장까지 내시경을 넣어서 암세포를 채취해 조직검사를 받았습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope&lt;br /&gt;저는 마취상태였는데, 후에 아내가 말해주길, 현미경으로 세포를 분석한 결과 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery.&lt;br /&gt;치료가 가능한 아주 희귀한 췌장암으로써, 의사들까지도 기뻐서 눈물을 글썽였다고 합니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I had the surgery and I'm fine now.&lt;br /&gt;저는 수술을 받았고, 지금은 괜찮습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades.&lt;br /&gt;그 때만큼 제가 죽음에 가까이 가 본 적은 없는 것 같습니다. 또한 앞으로도 가고 싶지 않습니다&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:&lt;br /&gt;이런 경험을 해보니, '죽음'이 때론 유용하단 것을 머리로만 알고 있을 때보다 더 정확하게 말할 수 있습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there.&lt;br /&gt;아무도 죽길 원하지 않습니다. 천국에 가고싶다는 사람들조차도 당장 죽는 건 원치 않습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it.&lt;br /&gt;우리 모두는 언젠가는 다 죽을 것입니다. 아무도 피할 수 없죠. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life.&lt;br /&gt;삶이 만든 최고의 작품이 '죽음'이니까요. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new.&lt;br /&gt;죽음이란 삶의 또다른 모습입니다. 죽음은 새로운 것이 헌 것을 대체할 수 있도록 만들어줍니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away.&lt;br /&gt;지금의 여러분들은 '새로움'이란 자리에 서 있습니다. 그러나 언젠가는 여러분들도 새로운 세대들에게 그 자리를 물려줘야할 것입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.&lt;br /&gt;너무 극단적으로 들렸다면 죄송하지만, 사실이 그렇습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life.&lt;br /&gt;여러분들의 삶은 제한되어 있습니다. 그러니 낭비하지 마십쇼. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking.&lt;br /&gt;도그마- 다른 사람들의 생각-에 얽매이지 마십쇼 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice.&lt;br /&gt;타인의 잡음이 여러분들 내면의 진정한 목소리를 방해하지 못하게 하세요 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition.&lt;br /&gt;그리고 가장 중요한 것은 마음과 영감을 따르는 용기를 가지는 것입니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.&lt;br /&gt;이미 마음과 영감은 당신이 진짜로 무엇을 원하는지 알고 있습니다. 나머지 것들은 부차적인 것이죠.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation.&lt;br /&gt;제가 어릴 때, 제 나이 또래라면 다 알만한 '지구 백과'란 책이 있었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch.&lt;br /&gt;여기서 그리 멀지 않은 먼로 파크에 사는 스튜어트 브랜드란 사람이 쓴 책인데, 자신의 모든 걸 불어넣은 책이었지요. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras.&lt;br /&gt;PC나 전자출판이 존재하기 전인 1960년대 후반이었기 때문에, 타자기, 가위, 폴라노이드로 그 책을 만들었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along:&lt;br /&gt;35년 전의 책으로 된 구글이라고나 할까요. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.&lt;br /&gt;그 책은 위대한 의지와 아주 간단한 도구만으로 만들어진 역작이었습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue.&lt;br /&gt;스튜어트와 친구들은 몇 번의 개정판을 내놓았고, 수명이 다할 때쯤엔 최종판을 내놓았습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age.&lt;br /&gt;그 때가 70년대 중반, 제가 여러분 나이 때였죠. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road,&lt;br /&gt;최종판의 뒤쪽 표지에는 이른 아침 시골길 사진이 있었는데, &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.&lt;br /&gt;아마 모험을 좋아하는 사람이라면 히치하이킹/엄지들고 차를 유혹해서 빌려타며 여행하는 것/을 하고싶다는 생각이 들정도였지요. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish."&lt;br /&gt;그 사진 밑에는 이런 말이 있었습니다 : 배고픔과 함께, 미련함과 함께 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.&lt;br /&gt;배고픔과 함께, 미련함과 함께. 그 것이 그들의 마지막 작별인사였습니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.&lt;br /&gt;저는 이제 새로운 시작을 앞둔 여러분들이 여러분의 분야에서 이런 방법으로 가길 원합니다. &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.&lt;br /&gt;배고픔과 함께. 미련함과 함께 &lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Thank you all very much.&lt;br /&gt;감사합니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;(This is the text of the Commencement address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005.)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;출처&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="con_link" href="http://www.appleforum.com/showthread.php?t=43473" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;color:#333333;"&gt;http://www.appleforum.com/showthread.php?t=43473&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;연설 녹음&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="con_link" href="http://www.wiredatom.com/jobs_stanford_speech/" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;color:#333333;"&gt;http://www.wiredatom.com/jobs_stanford_speech/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;연설 녹화&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a class="con_link" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/51.html" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;span style="font-size:85%;color:#333333;"&gt;http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/2005/june15/videos/51.html&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-416037633359439022?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/416037633359439022/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=416037633359439022' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/416037633359439022'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/416037633359439022'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post_24.html' title='스티븐잡스의 스탠버드대 축사연설문'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-4628778005831511180</id><published>2007-05-21T05:21:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-21T05:21:53.108-07:00</updated><title type='text'></title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-4628778005831511180?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/4628778005831511180/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=4628778005831511180' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/4628778005831511180'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/4628778005831511180'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post.html' title=''/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-8579291805962422810</id><published>2007-05-21T05:18:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-05-21T05:22:44.608-07:00</updated><title type='text'>재정적 문제</title><content type='html'>공부도 하고 싶고 돈도 벌고 싶고.........&lt;br /&gt;둘 다 제대로 못하는 내 자신이 한심스럽구나.......&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-8579291805962422810?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/8579291805962422810/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=8579291805962422810' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/8579291805962422810'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/8579291805962422810'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post_21.html' title='재정적 문제'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-8262304200553677332</id><published>2007-04-26T21:33:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-04-26T21:38:48.354-07:00</updated><title type='text'>전미분 표현에 대하여</title><content type='html'>2. 상미분이나 편미분은 df/dx형인데 전미분은 그냥 dx 인것이 확실이 납득이 안갑니다.&lt;br /&gt;질문 자체가 다소 틀렸습니다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;상미분의 기호는 df/dx 이지만, 편미분의 기호는 ∂f/∂x 이고 읽을 때는 "round f round x" 라 읽습니다.&lt;br /&gt;상미분은 1변수 함수에만 적용되고, 편미분은 다변수 함수에만 적용됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;전미분 역시 다변수 함수에만 적용됩니다. 질문에서 전미분을 "dx"라고 쓴 것은 틀린 것으로 "df"라 해야 할 것입니다.&lt;br /&gt;다변수 함수 f(x,y,z) 에 적용되는 편미분과 전미분의 차이는 다음과 같습니다.&lt;br /&gt;미분은 변수값의 변화량에 대한 함수값의 변화량으로 정의됩니다.&lt;br /&gt;다 변수의 경우 변수가 여러 개인 관계로 어떤 변수를 변화시키느냐에 따라 함수값의 변화량이 달라집니다. 따라서 여러 변수중 하나만을 변화시키는 편미분의 경우는 그 변화시키는 변수가 어떤 것인지 분명히 명기해야 하므로 ∂f/∂x, ∂f/∂y, ∂f/∂z 등과 같이 변수 변화량을 반드시 함께 나타내어야 합니다.&lt;br /&gt;반면 전미분의 경우 어느 한 변수를 변화시키는 것이 아니라 모든 변수를 다 변화시키기 때문에 df/dx 라든가 ∂f/∂x 등은 그 자체로 틀린 표현입니다.&lt;br /&gt;전미분으로 df 만 있는 것은 아닙니다. df(x,y,z)/dt 도 전미분입니다. 단 이 때 미분변수 t 는 함수 f 의 직접 변수가 아니라, 함수 f 의 변수인 x, y, z 의 매개 변수일 때 의미가 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;전미분을 df(x,y,z)/dt 보다는 함수변화량 df 에 비중을 두는 것은 매개변수에 대한 전미분이&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;df = (∂f/∂x)dx + (∂f/∂y)dy + (∂f/∂z)dz&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;로부터 쉽게 얻어질 수 있기 때문입니다.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-8262304200553677332?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/8262304200553677332/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=8262304200553677332' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/8262304200553677332'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/8262304200553677332'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/04/blog-post_26.html' title='전미분 표현에 대하여'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-3487618738271267307</id><published>2007-04-14T23:44:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-04-14T23:44:53.151-07:00</updated><title type='text'>Contravariant vs. Covariant vector</title><content type='html'>겨울방학때 텐서를 조금 이해하려고 마음 먹었었는데 생각보다 잘 안되었다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;하나 하나의 새로운 개념을 만나는 일이 생각보다 쉽게 넘어가지 못했기 때문이다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;책의 첫번째 chapter에서 아직도 헤매고 있으니, 이번 학기에 저 책을 다 보기는 쉽지 않을 듯 싶다. 책의 제목을 참고로 적어두면 Tensors, Differential Forms, and Variational Principles 이다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;처음 chapter를 읽다가 contravariant vector와 covariant vector의 정의를 보고 이해가 안되 한참 헤매다가 멋진 설명을 wikipedia에서 보고 여기 올려본다. 짤막하게 이해한 바에 따르면 contravariant vector는 우리가 기존에 이해하는 벡터의 의미(기하학적인 두점을 잇는 벡터)를 뜻하는 벡터인 것 같고, covariant vector는 조금 다른 의미의 벡터인 것 같다. 설명에 따르면 contravariant vector에 작용하여 좌표계의 선택에 무관한 scale invariance를 만들어 내는 선형함수(벡터에 작용하는 선형함수, 즉 f(v1+v2)=f(v1)+f(v2)인 f가 선형함수)들을 가리키는 듯하다. 넓은 의미에서 벡터는 벡터끼리의 합의 구조와 스칼라의 벡터에 대한 곱이 정의되는 집합을 벡터라 하므로 앞서 설명한 함수들의 집합도 벡터의 구조를 지니게 되고 그 원소들이 covariant vector가 되는 것 같다. 그리고 어떠한 벡터공간도 그에 대응하는 covariant vector공간을 만들수 있고, 이 covariant vector space가 dual space라는 구조를 만들어 내는 것 같다. 자세한 공부는 이번 학기에 계속해봐야 알게될 듯하다. 재밌는 구조인 듯하고, 수학의 세계가 조금은 더욱 넓어지는 계기가 될 듯하다. 자 이번학기도 힘좀 내볼까^^&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;밑의 설명에서 contravariant(역의 관계로 변하는 정도로 해석될 듯)와 covariant vector를 여행하는 중의 속도와 온도의 변화를 가지고 설명한 것은 정말 멋진 설명이다. 아무리 책을 봐도 이해가 안되던 부분을 한칼에 이해시키는 저런 능력은 어디서 오는 것일까? 암튼 강추다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;General relativity:Contravariant and Covariant Indices&lt;br /&gt;From Wikibooks, the open-content textbooks collection&lt;br /&gt;Jump to: navigation, search&lt;br /&gt;&lt; General relativity&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contents&lt;br /&gt;[hide]&lt;br /&gt;1 Rank and Dimension &lt;br /&gt;2 Contravariant and Covariant Vectors &lt;br /&gt;3 Scale Invariance &lt;br /&gt;4 Vector Spaces and Basis Vectors &lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[edit]&lt;br /&gt;Rank and Dimension&lt;br /&gt;Now that we have talked about tensors, we need to figure out how to classify them. One import!ant characteristic is the rank of a tensor, which is the number of indices needed to specify the tensor. An ordinary matrix is a rank 2 tensor, a vector is a rank 1 tensor, and a scalar is rank 0. Tensors can, in general, have rank greater than 2, and often do.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another characteristic of a tensor is the dimension of the tensor, which is the count of each index. For example, if we have a matrix consisting of 3 rows, with 4 elements in each row (columns), then the matrix is a tensor of dimension (3,4), or equivalently, dimension 12.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The import!ant thing about rank and dimension is that they are invariant to changes in the coordinate system. You can change the coordinate system all you want, and the rank and the dimensions don't change. This brings up the import!ant question of how tensors do change when you change the coordinate system. One thing we shall find when we look at the question is that in reality there are two different types of vectors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[edit]&lt;br /&gt;Contravariant and Covariant Vectors&lt;br /&gt;Imagine that you are driving a car at 100 kilometers per hour toward the northwest. Lets call this vector v. Suddenly you realize that you are in a meter-ish mood and so we want to figure out how fast you are going using meters instead of kilometers. Quickly changing your coordinate system, you find that you are travelling 100 * 1000 meters per hour toward the northwest. No problem.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now you are in the rolling countryside, and you notice the temperature changing. We then draw a map of how the temperature changes as we move across the countryside. We then travel along the path of steepest descent. We notice at a given point that the temperature is changing at 10 Celsius degrees per kilometer toward the southwest. Let's call this vector w. Again you go into a meter-ish mood. Doing a quick calculation you figure out that the gradient of the temperature change is downward at 10/1000 Celsius degrees per meter.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Did you notice something interesting?&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Even though we are talking about two vectors we are treating them very differently when we change our coordinates. In the first case, the vector reacted to the coordinate change by a multiplication. In the second case, we did a division. The first case we were changing a vector that was distance per something, while in the second case, the vector was something per distance. These are two very different types of vectors.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The mathematical term for the first type of vector is called a contravariant vector. The second type of vector is called a covariant vector. Sometimes a covariant vector is called a one form.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Attempting a fuller explanation &lt;br /&gt;It is easy to see why w is called covariant. Covariant simply means that the characteristic that w measures, change in temperature, increases in magnitude with an increase in displacement along the coordinate system. In other words, the further you travel from a fixed point, the more the temperature changes, or equivalently, change in termperature covaries with change in displacement. &lt;br /&gt;Although it is a bit more difficult to see, v is called contravariant for precisely the opposite reason. Since v represents a velocity, or distance per unit time, we can think of v as the inverse of time per unit distance, meaning the amount of time that passes in traveling a certain fixed amount of distance. Time per unit distance is clearly covariant, because as you travel further and further from a fixed point, more and more time elapses. In other words, time covaries with displacement. Since velocity is the inverse of time per unit distance, than it follows that velocity must be contravariant. &lt;br /&gt;The difference is also evident in the units of measure. The units of measure for v are meters per hour, whereas the units for w are degrees Celsius per meter. The coordinate system is position in space, measured in units of meters. So again, we see that the coordinate system appears in the numerator of v, which suggests that v is contravariant (with inverse time in this case), wherease the coordinate system appears in the denominator of w, which indicates that w is covariant (with change in temperature). &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;These are, of course, just fancy mathematical names. As we can see contravariant vectors and covariant vectors are very different from each other and we want to avoid confusing them with each other. To do this mathematicians have come up with a clever notation. The components of a contravariant vector are represented by superscripts, while the components of a covariant vector are represented by subscripts. So the components of vector v are v1 and v2 while the components of vector w are w1 and w2. Now we can draw two pictures that schematically illustrate the difference between contravariant vectors (figure 1) and covariant vectors (figure 2).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[edit]&lt;br /&gt;Scale Invariance&lt;br /&gt;Now that we have contravariant vectors and covariant vectors, we can do something very interesting and combine them. We have a contravariant vector that describes the direction and speed at which we are going. We have covariant vector that describes the rate and direction at which the temperature changes. If we combine them using the dot product&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;we get the rate at which the temperature changes, f, as we move in a certain direction, with units of degrees Celsius per second. The interesting thing about the units of f is that they do not include any units of distance, such as meters or kilometers. So now suppose we change the coordinate system from meters to kilometers. How does f change? It doesn't. We call this characteristic scale invariance, and we say that f is a scale invariant quantity. The value of f is invariant with changes in the scale of the coordinate system.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now so far we have been treating w as if it were just an odd type of vector. But there is a another more powerful way of thinking about w. Look at what we just did. We took v, combined it with w and got something that doesn't change when you change the coordinate system. Now one way of thinking about it is to say that w is a function, that takes v and converts it into a scale invariant value, f.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[edit]&lt;br /&gt;Vector Spaces and Basis Vectors&lt;br /&gt;This section is a bit heavy on mathematical jargon. Perhaps someone can rewrite it so that it is a bit more accessible to the mathematically challenged (like me). &lt;br /&gt;Let V be a vector space. Recall that the dual space V * of V is defined as the set of all linear functionals on V. Also recall that V * is a vector space in its own right. Vectors in V are called contravariant vectors, and vectors in V * are called covariant vectors (note: covariant vectors are sometimes called "1-forms").&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Components of contravariant vectors are written with superscript ("upper") indices. If the set {} is a basis for V, then  is written as the linear combination  ( we are using Einstein summation notation, see the next section).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Before moving on to covariant vectors, we must define the notion of a dual basis. Remember that elements of V * are linear functionals on V. So we can "apply" covariant vectors to contravariant vectors to get a scalar. For example, if  and , then  returns a scalar. Now, the dual basis is defined as follows: if {} is a basis for V, then the dual basis is a basis {} for V * which satisfies  (where  is the Kronecker delta) for every μ and ν. Note that the dual basis for the canonical basis is usually written as {}, for reasons we will not go into in this section.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Now, the components of covariant vectors are written with subscript ("lower") indices. As {} is a basis for V * , we can write a covariant vector  as .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;We can now eval!uate any functional (covariant vector) applied to any vector (contravariant vector). If  and , then by linearity . Finally, if we define , we see that .&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Retrieved from "http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/General_relativity:Contravariant_and_Covariant_Indices&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-3487618738271267307?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/3487618738271267307/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=3487618738271267307' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/3487618738271267307'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/3487618738271267307'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/04/contravariant-vs-covariant-vector.html' title='Contravariant vs. Covariant vector'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-6322030679214545191</id><published>2007-04-14T23:39:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-04-14T23:39:34.798-07:00</updated><title type='text'>리그룹(Lie group)과 리알져브라(Lie algebra)에 관하여</title><content type='html'>Lie group이 왜 이 이름을 가지게 되었느냐하면 이 이론을 처음으로 발견하고 엄청나게 많은 것을 파헤쳐놓은 사람이 노르웨이 수학자 Sophus Lie 라는 사람이었기 때문이다. Lie는 대략 1900근처에 살았던 사람이고, 그 시기에는 리만, 포엥카레 이런 현대 수학의 거장들이 함께 살고 있었다. 1800-1900대의 엄청난 수학의 황금기는 저런 너무나 매력적인 수학을 사랑했던 열정적인 사람들이 있었기에 그 시절이 아름다웠지 않나 싶다. 나중에 세계대전으로 많은 혼란의 시기를 거치지만, 그런 척박한 환경들 속에서 그들이, 동시대의 수학자들이 열정을 지니고 매진할 수 있었음은 정말 존경스러운 일이다. 지금 대학을 진학하는 한국의 많은 어린 학생들이 자신들이 추구하는 열정을 쫓아 대학의 학과로 진학하는 것이 아니라 사회적 분위기에 휩쓸려 수학이나 물리학에 뛰어난 재능과 가능성(재능은 실제 더 깊고 넓은 공부를 하고난 후에 밝혀지는 것이기에 재능이라 하기는 좀 뭣하지만)을 지닌 학생들이 의대로 진학하는 현실은 지난 시절의 수학자들의 삶이 얼마나 가치있었는지를 보여준다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;어쨋건 소개하고자 하는 내용은 리그룹에 대한 내용이다. 네이버에서 검색을 해 보았는데도 제대로 나오지 않기에 간단한 소개를 해 볼까하는 생각인데 솔직히 나 스스로 리 그룹에 대한 깊은 이해가 없고, 아직 책도 제대로 읽어보지 않았다. 하지만 그 가능성과 방향을 얘기하는 것은 가능할 것 같기에...&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Lie는 갈로아가 발견한 다항식의 해를 찾는 공식이 존재하는 상황이 그 주어진 다항식의 해의 집합의 대칭성에 기인한다는 위대한 대수학의 발견에 감동을 먹고는 미분방정식에도 갈로아처럼 대칭성의 이론을 찾아낼 수 있지 않을까하는 접근을 시도하였다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그의 이러한 시도는 기존의 discrete group에 대한 관찰( 원소가 유한한 그룹)이 아니라 그룹의 원소가 무한하고, 또한 연속적인 집합, 즉 그룹이 부드러운 곡면(smooth manifold)가 되는 집합을 관찰하게 된다. 이러한 그룹을 우리는 Lie group이라고 부른다. 여기서 그룹이나 smooth manifold에 대한 정의는 생략한다. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇다면 이러한 Lie group이 어떻게 나오는 것일까? 이러한 리그룹은 바로 연속변환이라는 놈한테서 나오게된다. 가령 좌표변환을 생각해보면 우리가 기존의 좌표계를 새로운 좌표계로 변환시키는 선형적인 변환을 물리학이나 수학에서 많이 사용한다. 그런데 이런 좌표변환이 한번만 이루어지는 것이 아니라 시간에 따라 연속적으로 만들어낸다고 해보자. 즉 평면의 x-y축을 연속적으로 회전시키는 상황이 되고 이때에 평면의 한점 P(x,y)의 좌표는 연속적으로 변하게 된다. 이러한 연속적인 좌표변환은 바로 리그룹을 이루게된다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;여기서 두개의 서로다른 변환은 함수의 composition, fog(x)=f(g(x))라는 연산을 통해서 그룹이된다. 그리고 이 변환의 공간은 회전 변환의 경우 0-2pi까지의 원과 같은 연속적인 곡선, 즉 smooth manifold가 된다. 이러한 관점은 공간에서 물체의 움직임도 이러한 연속변환의 관점에서 바라볼 수 있게 해준다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 이러한 연속적인 변환이 이루는 그룹이 smooth manifold라는 관점은 이 리그룹에서 미분이라는 해석적 접근을 가능하게하여 미분방정식을 바라보는 구조적인, 대칭성을 찾아주는 접근인 리그룹이론의 토대를 제공한다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그리고 재밌는 것이 리그룹은 어떤 대칭성( 오른쪽 혹은 왼쪽 이동에 대한 대칭성이라고 한다. 좀 공부해야 안다.)을 지니는 리그룹, 즉 smooth manifold위의 벡터장이 그룹의 항등원(identity element)에서의 접평면(tangent space)에서의 원소와 하나씩 대응이 된다는 것이 밝혀진다. 이러한 항등원에서의 접평면은 굉장히 중요한 역할을 한다. 그 이유는 이 접평면이 알저브라 구조를 지닌다는 사실과 관련이 있다. 즉 리알저브라는 리그룹에다가 이제는 또다른 하나의 연산(곱연산)이 주어진 구조가 된다. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;이제 상황은 어떤 자연적인 물리현상이 그 현상을 바라보는 리그룹에서 왼쪽 이동에 대한 대칭성을 지닐때에 이 물리현상은 복잡한 매니폴드가 아니라 리알저브라에서, 혹은 이 리알저브라(Lie algebra)가 선형공간, 혹은 벡터공간이 되기때문에 그에 대응하는 dual space인 daul to Lie algebra공간이라고 하는 너무나 단순하고 매력적인 공간에서의 현상으로 단순화시켜서 바라볼 수 있게된다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;솔직히 그 이론의 매력을 부족한 실력으로 설명하는 것이 쉽지 않기에 이정도로 구체적인 내용은 소개를 생략한다. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;그렇다면 이러한 리 그룹이론은 어떻게 쓰일 수 있을까? 시작부터 리그룹이론은 자연계의 현상 속에 내재되어있는 대칭성을 찾아주고, 그 대칭성에 대한 구조적인 이해를 하려는 시도이다. 그렇기에 거의 모든 자연계의 역학적 운동들을 이 리그룹이론을 적용하여 매우 아름답게 이해하는 접근이 가능하다. 가령 z-축에 대해 대칭성을 지니는 팽이의 운동을 묘사하는 수학은 이공계의 대학원 과정에서나 설명이 가능하며 뉴터니안 관점에서 굉장히 복잡한 수학적 접근을 통해서 그 운동을 설명하는 오일러 방정식이 유도되어진다. 하지만, 리그룹 이론의 대칭성을 이용하는 접근이 이 오일러 방정식을 굉장히 쉽고 빠르게 유도하는 길을 열어줄 수가 있다. 팽이는 기본적으로 매우 대칭적인 모습을 지니고 있다. 그렇기에 이러한 대칭성에 대한 접근은 팽이의 운동에 대한 근본적으로 매우 중요한 접근이고 이러한 접근을 가능하게 하는 길이 리그룹 이론이 되는 것이다.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;팽이의 운동을 한번 보라. 저 단순한 팽이도 너무나 오묘한 운동을 보여준다. 그리고 그러한 이해는 우리가 많은 역학적 상황에 대한 이해를 가능하게 하는 멋진 모델이 될 수가 있다. 가령 우주에 떠다니는 인공위성의 운동을 제어하기를 원한다면은 저런 팽이의 운동쯤은 가뿐히 이해할 수 있어야 하지 않을까? &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;매우 매력적인 이러한 자연계의 운동은 막상 공부를 시작해보면 그 오묘함과 난해함, 복잡함이 처음의 경이로움에 대한 매력을 잊게만들고, 공부하는 자신을 좌절과 회의에 빠지게하여 포기하게 만든다. 하지만, 그러한 이해는 멋진 자연의 원리와 운동을 이해하려는 확고한 의지와 열정이 있다면 충분히 이겨낼 수 있는 과정이고, 그러한 과정은 이런 리그룹이라는 멋진 수학을 통해서 가능할 것이라는 예측을 담아본다. 대칭성, 아마 이 단어가 자연계를 이해하는 가장 중요한 단어가 아닐까 한다.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-6322030679214545191?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/6322030679214545191/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=6322030679214545191' title='1개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/6322030679214545191'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/6322030679214545191'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/04/lie-group-lie-algebra.html' title='리그룹(Lie group)과 리알져브라(Lie algebra)에 관하여'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>1</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-459751095283405009</id><published>2007-04-14T23:14:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-04-14T23:15:40.138-07:00</updated><title type='text'>미분기하: manifold에서의 미분이란</title><content type='html'>출처:http://blog.daum.net/about_math/11221817&lt;br /&gt;100년쯤전에 리만이 일반적인 기하공간에 대한 논문을 발표하고 기하학의 체계가 확 뒤집어졌다.&lt;br /&gt;데릴 홈이 얘기하기를 리만이 가우스의 제자였는데( 아마 마지막 지도학생이었던 것 같다. 가우스는 깐깐한 지도교수로 유명했던 듯하다.), 원래 하던 연구는 기하가 아니었는데, 가우스가 일반적인 공간에 대한 논문으로 박사학위 논문을 발표하라고 했다고 한다.&lt;br /&gt;그래서 리만은 일반적인 기하공간에서의 기하적 성질을 밝히는 논문을 준비해서 발표하고, 그 논문을 준비하느라 맘고생을 많이해서 몸에 병까지 났다고 한다. 내가 알기로 가우스는 리만의 논문발표에 박수를 보냈다고한다. 가우스가 박수를 보낸 논문...&lt;br /&gt;암튼, 그 리만기하학은 이제 비유클리드 기하학의 거대한 기하체계이며, 아인슈타인의 일반상대성 이론의 기초이며, 현대 수학의 찬란한 모습을 보여준다.&lt;br /&gt;내가 리만기하학이나 미분기하학 수업을 들어보지는 못했다. 하지만, 해밀톤 역학에 필요한 exterior calculus라는 수학적 기반이 이러한 일반적인 기하체계에서 정의되다보니 미분기하의 기본개념들을 많이 접하게 되고, 맘고생도 많이 하게 되었다. 그래서 그동안 이해한 미분기하의 단면을 정리해두고자 한다.&lt;br /&gt;미분기하는 매니폴드라는 기하학적인 대상에 대해서 이야기한다. 매니폴드란 구의 표면처럼 부드러운 곡면을 지닌 수학적 공간이다. 이 매니폴드(manifold)에는 좌표차트(coordinate chart)라는 미분가능한 일대일함수가 정의되어야한다. 이 coordinate chart는 매니폴드에서 유클리드 공간 R^n으로의 국소적 미분가능한 일대일함수(local diffeomorphism)이다. 위의 예에서 구면은 2차원 매니폴드이다. 즉, 이 코디네이트 챠트를 통해서 매니폴드를 국소적으로 유클리드 공간의 좌표계를 가지고 성질들을 분석해 낼 수가 있다. 이러한 개념은 처음에 굉장히 이해가 되지를 않았다. 왜 이러한 정의가 필요한 것인지, 그리고 이러한 정의가 어떤 의미를 지니는지...&lt;br /&gt;이제는 그런 정의가 조금씩 보이기 시작한다. 우선 이 국소적인 유클리드 공간과의 대응은 매니폴드를 수학적으로 다루는 중요한 바탕을 제공한다. 국소적으로 대응시킬 수 있는 유클리드 공간은 벡터공간이고 우리는 벡터공간에서 많은 일들을 할 수가 있다.&lt;br /&gt;중요하게는 이러한 매니폴드와 유클리드 공간과의 diffeomorphism이 매니폴드에서의 미분이라는 개념을 정의하는 중요한 출발점이 된다는 것이다. 이 매니폴드에서의 미분의 개념을 이해하는게 리만기하학이나 다른 일반적인 기하학의 매우 중요한 요소가 된다.&lt;br /&gt;우리가 특수하게 유클리드 공간에서의 벡터함수의 미분을 보면( 벡터미적분학에서 배우는 모든 이론은 이런 유클리드 공간에서의 미적분학이다. 이는 직접적으로 비유클리드 공간에서의 미적분으로 연결될 수가 없다.) 유클리드 공간, 예를 들어 2차원 평면을 생각하자, R^2에서 부드러운 벡터장(smooth vector field)가 정의되어 있다고 하자. 즉, 2차원 평면의 모든 지점에는 그 지점에서 시작하는 벡터가 하나씩 정의되어 있고, 그 벡터는 바로 옆 지점의 벡터의 부드러운 변화이다. 이때에 이 벡터장에서 미분이란 무엇을 뜻할까? 평면의 어느 지점 P에서 이 벡터장의 미분은 그 지점에서 바로 옆 지점으로 옮겨갔을 때에 벡터장의 변화율이 어떻게 되는가를 설명하는 양이다. 예를들어 지점 P에서 지점 Q로 옮겨갔다고 하자. 두 지점에는 각자 벡터장의 벡터가 할당되어 있고, 우리는 Q의 벡터에서 P의 벡터를 빼고( 그 차는 또다시 벡터가 된다.) 그 차이를 두지점 P,Q사이의 길이로 나눈 값에서 분모를 0으로 보내는 극한을 통해 벡터장의 미분값을 찾아낸다. 엄밀히 말해 이 미분은 벡터장의 PQ방향의 방향미분이 된다. 이렇게 찾아낸 지점P에서의 벡터장 함수의 미분은 결국 P지점에서 출발하는 평면에서 벡터 PQ를 벡터장의 벡터 f(P)f(Q)로 근사하는 선형함수가 된다. 모든 미분은 결국 부드럽게(smooth) 정의된 필드함수(field function)들, 즉 벡터장의 변화를 이 벡터장이 정의된 기하공간의 변화, 즉 PQ벡터와 연결시켜주는 선형함수이다. 이러한 벡터장의 미분이 가능하려면 매우 중요하게 두 지점 P,Q에서 정의된 벡터장의 두 값의 차가 정의되어야 한다는 선행조건이 필요하다. 이러한 f(Q)-f(P)가 가능한 이유는 오직 우리가 바라보는 벡터장이나 기본공간이 모두 유클리드 공간이라 어디에서 정의된 벡터든 평행하게 이동해와 끝을 맞춰서 빼는 벡터의 차가 정의된다는데에 가능한 이유가 있다. &lt;br /&gt;이러한 벡터의 차는 기본 공간이 리만공간이나 비유클리드공간인 부드러운 매니폴드(smooth manifold)가 되면 두 지점에서 정의된 벡터장의 차가 가능하지 않게 된다. 예를 들어 구면에 정의되어 모든 구면의 지점에서 구면에 평행한 부드러운 벡터장(smooth tangent vector field)를 예를 들어보면, 구면의 두지점 P, Q에서의 접벡터(tangent vector)의 차를 만들었을 때에 그 차는 더이상 구면에 접하는 벡터(tangent vector)가 아니게된다. 그리고 이 벡터를 가지고 구의 곡면에서 정의된 좌표계( 유클리드 좌표계가 아니며, 구면을 따라 휘어진 좌표계일 것이다)에서 두지점 사이의 거리(구면의 거리)로 나누고 극한을 계산하면 그 극한은 더이상 선형함수가 되지 않을 것이다. 여기서 우리는 두가지 문제점을 경험하게 된다. 구면에서 정의된 두지점 P와 Q라는 두 지점을 연결하는 벡터가 정의되지 않는다. 그리고 두 지점에서 정의된 벡터장의 값(벡터들)의 차가 정확하게 정의되지 않는다는 것이다.  두가지 문제점 중에서 첫번째 문제의 해결의 실마리는 매니폴드의 정의와 관계가 있다. 만약 Q가 P에 매우 가까운 점이라면은(국소적인 챠트함수가 P,Q모두에서 정의되어 진다면), 우리는 P,Q를 연결하는 벡터를 구면이 아닌 챠트에 의한 이미지공간인 평면 공간에서의 c(Q)와 c(P)의 차(c(*)는 챠트함수이다.즉 매니폴드에서 유클리드 공간으로의 미분가능한 일대일함수이다.)로 벡터를 만들어 낼 수가 있다. 여기에 매니폴드라는 정의의 중요성이 존재한다. &lt;br /&gt;그리고 두번째의 문제점, P와 Q에서 각각 정의된 벡터장의 두 벡터의 차이를 어떻게 만들어 줄 것인지는 미분기하학에서의 연결(connection)이라는 개념으로 해결되어진다. 이 연결(connection)이라는 개념은 매니폴드의 개념을 바탕으로해서 미분기하학의 핵심개념이 된다. 이 connection이라는 개념을 통해서 P에 가까운 점 Q의 벡터장 값을 P로 옮겨와( 평행이동의 개념이 된다. fullback이라고 한다.) P에 원래 있던 벡터와의 차를 계산하게 된다. 이때 P에서의 두 벡터의 차는 접평면(tanget space)라고 하는 벡터공간에서의 벡터연산으로 차를 정의하는게 가능하다. &lt;br /&gt;이렇게 위의 두가지의 문제점이 해결되었을 때에 비로소 부드러운 매니폴드에서의 미분이 정의가 가능하게 되고, 이는 최근의 물리학의 강력한 이론적 배경이 되는 것이다. 위의 매니폴드라는 개념의 정의와 connection의 개념은 함께하며 이를 바탕으로 여러가지 벡터미적분학의 개념들이 일반화 될 수 있는 토양을 제공한다. &lt;br /&gt;그런데 재밌는 것이 이 connection( Levi-Civita parellel transportation)을 만들어 내는 방식이 한가지가 아니라는 것이다. 이 코넥션은 여러가지 독립된 방식으로 만들어 내는 것이 가능하다.&lt;br /&gt;우선 리만기하에서는 메트릭텐서(metric tensor)라는 녀석이 이 connection을 제공한다. 즉 이 metric tensor가 manifold의 모든 점에서 정의되어 있을 때에 이 metric tensor를 이용해서 connection을 만들어 낼 수가 있고, 이 connection은 크리스토펠 심벌(christoffel(?) symbol)이라고 불린다.(조금 틀렸을지도 모른다.)&lt;br /&gt;그리고 꼭 이 connection이 리만곡면에서만 정의되는 것이 아니라, metric tensor가 정의되지 않더라도(더이상 리만공간이 아니게 된다.), 독립적으로 connection을 정의하는 것이 가능하다.&lt;br /&gt;그리고 세번째로,( 이 녀석이 내가 공부하는 쪽의 중요한 기본개념인 듯하다.) 만약에 주어진 smooth manifold가 그룹의 성질을 지니면( 즉 공간의 임의의 두지점사이에 연산이 정의된다. 그룹의 개념은 현대대수학, abstract algebra의 가장 기본적인 개념이다.), 즉 주어진 매니폴드가 Lie Group( smooth manifold which is a group)이 된다면은 우리는 자동적으로 connection을 정의할 수가 있고, 바로 Lie derivative를 Lie group 매니폴드에 정의된 임의의 필드함수(벡터장, 텐서장 등등)에서 정의해 줄 수가 있다. 즉 Lie Group에서는 우리는 자연스레 미분, 적분을 할 수 있는 길이 열리는 것이다. &lt;br /&gt;위의 세가지의 다른 방식의 connection의 정의는 분명히 서로 다른 것이며, 독립적으로 정의되어 진다. 하지만, 저 세가지 방식의 미분의 정의는 기본적으로 미분이 지녀야 할 성질들(1. 선형함수여야 하며, 2. 라이프니츠 원리를 만족해야 하며, 등등)을 만족시키는 녀석들로 정의되어지고, 만약에 Lie Group인 매니폴드가 여기에 metric tensor가 정의되어 진다면, 두가지의 미분은 어떠한 방식으로 연결되어질 수 있게된다. &lt;br /&gt;내가 다루어야 할 매니폴드는 중요하게 Lie Group이다. 그러므로 Lie derivative의 개념을 이해해야 하는데 이놈을 이해하는데만 무려 6개월이 걸렸다. 아공... 아직도 이 놈을 써먹으려면 1년은 더 공부해야 할 듯하다. 하지만 이제 Lie Group은 역학에서 매우 중요한 개념이며, 물리적 상황에서 연속변환(continuous transformation)을 설명하는 유일한 방법으로, 해밀턴 역학을 제대로 이해하려면 필수적인 수학이다. 이러한 일반적 공간인 smooth manifold로서의 Lie group은 이제 해밀턴 역학, 양자역학, 제어역학(control theory), 유체역학, 그리고 이 들을 접근하는 미분방정식(ordinary and partial differential equation)의 중요한 접근방식이 되고 있다. 이제 겨우 조금씩 보이기 시작하는 저 개념들, 누가 강제해서 다가갈 수 있는 녀석이 아닌 것 같다. 오직 나 자신의 의지와 저 녀석의 힘을 보고 싶다는 열정을 통해서만 접근이 가능하겠지. 한가지 다행스러운 일은 벌써 지난 수십년간 저 녀석의 힘과 가능성을 보고 이시대의 위대한 수학자, 물리학자들이 열정을 다해 달려가고 있는 길이라는 점에 믿음과 희망이 있다는 것이다. 적지않은 수의 사람들이 찾아가는 아름다운 산행길이라는 이정표는 그 길을 막 접어든 나의 발걸음을 가볍게 한다. 지금 느끼는 이 마음을 잊지 않기를 소망하면 초보 수학자의 거북이 걸음을 담아보았따.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-459751095283405009?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/459751095283405009/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=459751095283405009' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/459751095283405009'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/459751095283405009'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/04/manifold.html' title='미분기하: manifold에서의 미분이란'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-2005767818440905822</id><published>2007-04-06T11:43:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-04-06T11:50:46.553-07:00</updated><title type='text'>정수론과 물리의 만남</title><content type='html'>정수론과 물리의 놀라운 만남 지식정보&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2004/09/12 05:24&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;http://blog.naver.com/blueweapon/140005749244&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;출처: http://www.maths.ex.ac.uk/~mwatkins/zeta/surprising.htm&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;surprising connections between number theory and physics&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The idea of this website is to document all known research which in some way links number theory and physics. Although there have been a few conferences and subsequently-published proceedings on this topic, these have only been able to touch on a small part of the overall body of work which has gone on.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The contents of the site should be of interest to both number theorists and physicists. In recent times we have seen, somewhat unexpectedly, number theory being applied by physicists to solve physical problems and, perhaps even more unexpectedly, techniques developed by physicists applied to problems in number theory. Material relevant to all such developments is archived in the sections linked from the upper part of the front page.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;There is other 'secondary' material, organised into categories linked from the lower part of the front page. 'Probability and statistics' are not in themselves part of physics, but have been developed in reference to 'events', physical phenomena, and measurements which in some way vary or fluctuate. The fact that they should be applicable to something so profoundly un-physical and unchanging as the theory surrounding the behaviour of the prime numbers is something widely acknowledged as 'curious', 'remarkable', 'surprising', etc. To treat the occurrence of a prime number as a kind of 'random event' is to apply to the pure, eternal world of number a type of thinking inspired by the ever-changing physical world. Hardy and Littlewood commented in [HL] that&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Probability is not a notion of pure mathematics, but of physics or philosophy."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Still, as T. Gowers has observed in [Go]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Although the prime numbers are rigidly determined, they somehow feel like experimental data."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The section concerning 'fractality' is perhaps less directly physics-related, but a significant part of the content is the work of physicists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The archive has naturally expanded in some directions which lie outside its originally- envisioned scope. Some of the sections (Bernoulli numbers, golden mean,...) are not particularly physics-related, but contain unorthodox, innovative, speculative, or just curious approaches to number theoretic issues.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;As well as links and archived electronic articles relating to in-depth material, I have included some introductory number theory resources (follow the tutorial link from the main page). These are for the benefit of students, interested amateurs who wish to educate themselves in these matters, and research physicists whose work has begun to reveal some unexpected connection with number theory and who therefore need to quickly learn the basics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;My own attraction to the subject matter stems from a vague, but deeply-rooted feeling that these newly-emerging connections are beginning to reveal something quite extraordinary and unexpected about the very nature of the number system, something which has been hitherto inaccessible. I am overwhelmed with a sense of mystery when I browse the contents of this archive. It's not just me - the prime numbers unto themselves have inspired some remarkable quotations from those who have studied them (collected here). The unexpected connections with physics, I feel, significantly compound this widely-acknowledged mystery. Although I am fully aware that my understanding is limited and possibly misguided to some extent, my intuition and enthusiasm compel me to dedicate a significant amount of time to this project, despite the lack of any financial support.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;It is my hope that this site will catalyse and accelerate the cross-fertilisation of ideas between number theory and physics, as well as inspiring others to use the Web in a similar spirit. Eric Weisstein's wholly self-motivated and un-funded "Treasure Troves of Mathematics" project, which has since evolved into his Wolfram-sponsored World of Mathematics hyperlinked mathematics encyclopaedia (similarly the more recent PlanetMath project) points in an very exciting direction. The future of mathematics could be essentially a single, enormous, web of hypertext documents, potentially accessible to the whole of humanity. Putting aside organisational difficulties, this project happily looks forward to its possible destiny as a small piece of this great web of knowledge.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Contributions are welcomed. I am always happy to see this project expand and would like to involve as many other people as possible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Below is a fairly brief overview of some of the more significant content of the archive.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bernard Julia of the Laboratoire de Physique Théorique de l' Ecole Normale Supérieure in Paris has reinterpreted the (pure mathematical) Riemann zeta function as a (thermodynamic) partition function by defining an abstract numerical 'gas' using the prime numbers ([J]). The free Riemann gas is a surprisingly natural concept, and its partition function is identical to the zeta function. In statistical mechanics, the partition function is the fundamental mathematical object of study; in the analytic theory of the distribution of primes, the zeta function is the fundamental object. Hence this unorthodox interpretation of the zeta function as a partition function points to a possible link of fundamental significance between the distribution of primes and this branch of physics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Julia has further linked the pole of the zeta function at s = 1 with the physical phenomenon known as a Hagedorn catastrophe which occurs when a system reaches a critical Hagedorn temperature ([H1-3]). Physical phenomena such as Bose condensation and ladders of fermion models are also indirectly linked to the zeta function by Julia in this paper.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Donald Spector has informed me that he independently and simultaneously recognised the connection with partition functions, the Hagedorn temperature, etc. ([Sp]). His own papers draw on the theory of supersymmetry and suggest several intruiging parallels between phenomena in physics and multiplicative number theory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bost and Connes ground-breaking paper [BC] was partly inspired by the work of Julia, and also involves a model in which the Riemann zeta function is interpreted as a partition function. In this model, the pole of zeta at 1 is understood in terms of a spontaneous breaking of symmetry.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;D. Fivel has independently interpreted the Riemann zeta function as a partition function in an entirely different context - that of quantum entanglement ([F]).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Andreas Knauf and others have been studying spin chains (essentially one-dimensional lattice models) and in many cases the relevant partition functions involve the Riemann zeta function and its derivative in various combinations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In a 1999 lecture in Budapest ([W1]), Marek Wolf, a Wroclaw University physicist, presented a variant on Julia's idea, defining another kind of 'prime gas', this time where the partition function resembles that of a quantum harmonic oscillator. Wolf's gas differs from Julia's in that the gaps between the primes are taken to be the fundamental quantities, rather than primes themselves. A summary of Wolf's lecture can be found here and provides a good review of much work done in this area.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All of this work (and more) is documented in the section of the number theory and physics archive dedicated to statistical mechanics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Whereas everything mentioned thus far relates to multiplicative number theory, there is an additional body of work going back to the 1940's which uses the methods of statistical mechanics to investigate the problems of additive number theory, in particular the partitioning of integers.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Around 1915, about 56 years after Riemann published his famous hypothesis, Hilbert and Pólya independently suggested that it could be proved if the nontrivial (complex) zeros of zeta could be shown to correspond directly to the spectrum of eigenvalues of some hermitian operator on a Hilbert space. Evidence for the validity of this 'spectral interpretation' of the Riemann zeta function has since come from two sources:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * A certain similarity between the Selberg trace formula (1956), and a particular explicit formula of analytic number theory, as generalised by A. Weil (1952), has been noted. In this correspondence, the zeta zeros (in the latter formula) correspond to eigenvalues of an operator (in the former).&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;    * More recently, extremely convincing evidence has come from the theory of random matrices, in particular the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble. A coincidence between Hugh Montgomery's work on the statistics of the spacings between zeta zeros and Freeman Dyson's analogous work on eigenvalues of random matrices was discovered when the two met at Princeton in 1972. The "GUE hypothesis" is now supported by the overwhelming numerical evidence provided by Andrew Odlyzko's extensive computations.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;      "[Odlyzko's computations are] the first phenomenological insight that the zeroes are absolutely, undoubtedly 'spectral' in nature. Riemann himself would be impressed." - Peter Sarnak &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Hilbert-Pólya conjecture, as it has become known, still seems to be the most promising approach to proving the Riemann hypothesis.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In [J] Julia acknowledges the celebrated work of Sir Michael Berry and Jon Keating ([BK]) of Bristol University, who have also been looking at the Riemann zeta function from a dynamical viewpoint. Theirs is certainly the most widely-known of all the research discussed in the present survey.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Berry's background involves quantum chaology, a branch of physics which seeks to identify signatures of chaos in the spectra of physical systems on the border of the quantum and classical worlds. Random matrix theory and the Gaussian Unitary Ensemble in particular turn out to play a significant role in this.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Having investigated the various connections between quantum chaos, random matrices and the nontrivial zeta zeros, Berry has conjectured that the nontrivial zeta zeros correspond to the spectrum of eigenvalues (energy levels) of a Hamiltonian governing a quantum mechanical system whose underlying classical mechanics are chaotic and time-irreversible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Remarkably, if such a dynamical system could be identified, that is, one whose spectrum corresponds exactly to the set of nontrivial zeta zeros, then the Hilbert-Pólya conjecture, and hence the Riemann hypothesis would be proven.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;An excellent, reasonably non-technical article documenting this quantum chaological approach to the zeta function, "A Prime Case of Chaos" by Barry Cipra, can be found on the American Mathematical Society website (in PDF format). More recently, a simpler popular exposition of these matters appeared in New Scientist (11/11/00) ([K]).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The proof of the Riemann hypothesis has been called "the single most desirable achievement for a mathematician" ([G]), even compared to the holy grail. Astonishingly, the problem has effectively been reduced to a quest for a dynamical system which is in some sense 'implied' by the distribution of prime numbers (via the intimately connected zeros of the zeta function). Berry refers to this hypothetical system as the Riemann dynamics. Needless to say, it has not yet been found, although many of its properties are known, if indeed it exists.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;In [K], Berry is quoted as says that if the dynamical system can be identified, then he is&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;". . . absolutely sure that . . . someone will find a clever way to make it in the lab. Then you'll get the Riemann zeros out just by observing its spectrum."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;""Finding this system could be the discovery of the century," [Berry] says. It would become a model system for describing chaotic systems in the same way that the simple harmonic oscillator is used as a model for all kinds of complicated oscillators. It could play a fundamental role in describing all kinds of chaos. The search for this model system could be the holy grail of chaos. Until [it is found] we cannot be sure of its properties, but Berry believes the system is likely to be rather simple, and expects it to lead to totally new physics. It is a tantalising thought." (from [B])&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Several interesting attempts have been made to produce the required Hamiltonian. J.V. Armitage has published notes [A] involving diffusion processes, Brownian motion and the Fokker-Planck equation. Bhaduri, Khare, et. al. have linked the problem to the scattering of partial waves in the analysis of resonances, e.g. in pion-nucleon scattering ([BhK]).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The related work of Christopher Deninger ([D1-2]) studies dynamical systems (flows) on foliated manifolds. Much like the Selberg-Weil coincidence mentioned above, he has identified a similarity between&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;    * the trace formulae of such flows and&lt;br /&gt;       &lt;br /&gt;    * certain explicit formulae for the Dedekind zeta functions associated with number fields (these generalise the Riemann zeta function which is a special case when the number field in question is R). This is related to Deninger's earlier arguments [D3] in favour of a possible cohomological interpretation of the Riemann zeta function. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Helsinki physicist M. Pitkänen has recently suggested an approach involving superconformal invariance ([P]), and in a related work, C. Castro has argued that supersymmetric QM should instead be used, in combination with Brownian motion and p-adic fractal strings, to reduce the Riemann hypothesis to an inverse scattering problem ([C]).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;More references and commentary on the 'spectral interpretation' of the Riemann zeta function can be found in the relevant section of the number theory and physics archive.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another area of interconnection between number theory and physics, although of a very different flavour, involves the theory of p-adic numbers.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Both A. Khrennikov and B. Dragovich have published impressive numbers of articles providing p-adic interpretations of physical systems and phenomena. This appears to be a rapidly developing area of research.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Also of interest here are Castro and Mahecha's recent preprints [CM] and [C] linking the Riemann hypothesis to p-adic fractal strings and fractal p-branes. This has been partly inspired by Lapidus and van Frankenhuysen's fascinating book [LvF] which relates the zeta zeros to fractal geometry and a theory of complex dimensions.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Castro explains: "Supersymmetry, p-adic stochastic dynamics, Brownian motion, Fokker-Planck equation, Langevin equation, prime number random distribution, random matrices, p-adic fractal strings, the adelic condition, etc...are all deeply interconnected in this paper."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;M. Pitkanen has also produced some intriguing notes suggesting a p-adic physics-inspired interpretation of the nontrivial zeta zeros, leading to his aforementioned proof strategy for the Riemann hypothesis which involves superconformal invariance, and in particular the Virasoro generator ([P]).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Interestingly (although without any p-adic content), A. Petermann's recent preprint [Pe] also involves the Virasoro generator in an attempt to elucidate the deep reasons for the logarithmic distribution of primes. This involves a breaking of symmetry, namely that of scale invariance, and relates to certain aspects of quantum chromodynamics.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Fields medalist Alain Connes, who some commentators have suggested is the most likely candidate for a proof of the Riemann hypothesis, has also linked the distribution of primes to a spontaneous symmetry-breaking, albeit of a different kind, in the article [BC] mentioned above. His extremely deep work involves noncommutative geometry, and the theory of adeles (related to p-adic analysis) in an attempt to produce the necessary Hamiltonian which will satisfy the Hilbert-Pólya conjecture discussed above.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Indirectly, as a result of studying nonlinear dynamics Marek Wolf discovered two instances of apparent fractality within the distribution of prime numbers ([W2-3]). These discoveries were realised experimentally using powerful computers. Wolf's resulting interest in the distribution of the primes led him to experimentally discover the presence of 1/f noise when the primes are treated as a 'signal' in the sense of information theory ([W4]). This is also a self-similar (scale invariant, or fractal) property of the distribution of primes.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1/f noise, also known as flicker noise or pink noise, is a property of the power-frequency spectrum (obtained through Fourier analysis) of the signal. It has been detected in many diverse physical systems including sunspots, quasars, hourglasses, rivers, electronic components, DNA sequences, written language, weather patterns and stock exchange indices. It has been argued that its presence suggests some kind of 'cooperative' effect over a wide range of timescales.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Bak, Tang, and Wiesenfeld have offered an explanation for the ubiquity of 1/f noise by developing a simple model of self-organised criticality which has 1/f noise as a 'temporal fingerprint' and self-similarity as a 'spatial fingerprint' ([BTW]). The implication is that the previously mentioned physical systems could all be examples of self-organised critical systems. Wolf, being aware of this work, ended his article "1/f noise in the distribution of prime numbers" ([W4]) with the astonishing question "Are the prime numbers in a self-organized critical state?"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;I have since been informed that Bak, et. al. made a fundamental error in their calculations, and consequently the results in [BTW] apply to the less significant phenomenon of 1/f2 noise. Still, the possibility that the primes might constitute something akin to a self-organised system is one which I personally find to be quite compelling.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Michel Planat of the Laboratoire de Physique et Métrologie des Oscillateurs du CNRS in France has since brought to light more connections between 1/f noise and the distribution of primes, via the Riemann Hypothesis ([Pl]).&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Another relatively recent development linking prime numbers and physics is an article by H. Gopalkrishna Gadiyar and R. Padma called "Ramanujan-Fourier series, the Wiener-Khintchine formula and the distribution of prime pairs" [GGP1]. Its abstract explains:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"The Wiener-Khintchine formula plays a central role in statistical mechanics. It is shown here that the problem of prime pairs is related to autocorrelation and hence to a Wiener-Khintchine formula. 'Experimental' evidence is given for this."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The authors concludes with the following observation:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"It is a pleasant surprise that the Wiener-Khintchine formula which normally occurs in practical problems of Brownian motion, electrical engineering and other applied areas of technology and statistical physics has a role in the behaviour of prime numbers which are studied by pure mathematicians."&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;This follows the authors' earlier publication "Renormalisation and the density of prime pairs" [GGP2] which uses techniques from quantum field theory to suggest a possible approach to proving a number theoretic conjecture of Hardy and Littlewood.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Despite the stunning advances linking Riemann's zeta function to 20th century physics, no one is predicting an imminent proof of the Riemann hypothesis. Odlyzko's numerical experiments and evidence amassed by physicists have convinced everyone that a spectral interpretation of the zeta zeros is the way to go, but number theorists say they are at least one 'big idea' away from even the beginnings of a proof. Mathematicians aren't yet sure what to aim at, says [Princeton University mathematician Peter] Sarnak."&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;B. Cipra, from "A Prime Case of Chaos"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"...the Riemann Hypothesis will be settled without any fundamental changes in our mathematical thoughts, namely, all tools are ready to attack it but just a penetrating idea is missing."&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Y. Motohashi, quoted in [S], p.228&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"...there have been very few attempts at proving the Riemann hypothesis, because, simply, no one has ever had any really good idea for how to go about it."&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;Atle Selberg, quoted in B. Cipra, "A Prime Case of Chaos"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"I still think that some major new idea is needed here"&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;E. Bombieri, quoted in [K]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;"Sometimes I think that we essentially have a complete proof of the Riemann Hypothesis except for a gap . The problem is, the gap occurs right at the beginning, and so it's hard to fill that gap because you don't see what's on the other side of it."&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;H. Montgomery, quoted in [S], p.227&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;br /&gt;conclusion&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;All of this work taken together suggests to me that some wholly new, physics-inspired understanding of the prime numbers and their distribution is required, and possibly imminent. This might then provide the 'major new idea' required for the proof of the Riemann hypothesis, whose persistent improvability neatly encapsulates the continuing mysteriousness of the primes, despite an ever-expanding wealth of sophisticated analytic number theory.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[ some speculative thoughts in this direction ]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;references&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[HL] G.H Hardy and J.E. Littlewood, "Some problems of 'partitio numerorum:' III: on the expression of a number as a sum of primes" Acta Mathematica 44 (1922) 1-70&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Go] T. Gowers, "Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford Univ. Press, 2002) p.118&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[J] B.L. Julia, "Statistical theory of numbers", from Number Theory and Physics (eds. J.M. Luck, P. Moussa, and M. Waldschmidt ), Springer-Verlag, 1990.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[H1] R. Hagedorn, Suppl. Nuovo Cimento 3 (1965) 147.  See also Yu. B. Rumer, Journal of Experimental Theoretical Physics 38 (1960) 1899.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[H2] R. Hagedorn, Lecture Notes in Physics, Vol. 221 (Springer, Berlin, 1985), p. 53.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[H3] R. Hagedorn, "Hadronic matter near the boiling point", Nuovo Cimento 56A, (1968) 1027-1057.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Sp] D. Spector, "Supersymmetry and the Mobius Inversion Function", Communications in Mathematical Physics 127 (1990) p. 239.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[BC] J.-B. Bost and A. Connes, "Hecke Algebras, Type III factors and phase transitions with spontaneous symmetry breaking in number theory", Selecta Math. (New Series), 1 (1995) 411-457.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[F] D. Fivel, "The prime factorization property of entangled quantum states" (preprint hep-th/9409150)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[BK] M.V. Berry and J.P. Keating "The Riemann zeros and eigenvalue asymptotics" SIAM Review, 41, No. 2 (1999), 236-266.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[K] E. Klarreich, "Prime Time", New Scientist, 11 November 1999.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[G] M.C. Gutzwiller, Chaos in Classical and Quantum Mechanics (Springer-Verlag, 1990), p. 308.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[B] J. Brown, "Where Two Worlds Meet", New Scientist (16 May 1996).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[A] J.V. Armitage, "The Riemann Hypothesis and the Hamiltonian of a quantum mechanical system" (section 5: "A random walk approximation to the Riemann Hypothesis"), from Number Theory and Dynamical Systems, eds. M.M. Dodson and J.A.G. Vickers (LMS Lecture Notes, series 134, Cambridge University Press), 153-172.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[BhK] R.K. Bhaduri, A. Khare, S.M. Reimann and E.L. Tomusiak, "The Riemann zeta function and the inverted harmonic oscillator", Annals of Physics 254 No. 1 (1997)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[D1] C. Deninger, "Some ideas on dynamical systems and the Riemann zeta function" (preprint from proceedings of the 1997 ESI conference on the Riemann zeta function)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[D2] C. Deninger, "Some analogies between number theory and dynamical systems on foliated spaces", Documenta Mathematica, Extra Volume ICM I (1998) 163-186.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[D3] C. Deninger, "Motivic L-functions and regularized determinants", Proc. Symp. Pure Math. 55 1 (1994) 707-743.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[P] M. Pitkänen, "Riemann hypothesis and super-conformal invariance" (preprint math.GM/0102031)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[C] C. Castro (Perelman), "p-Adic stochastic dynamics, supersymmetry and the Riemann conjecture" (preprint physics/0101104)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[CM] C. Castro and J. Mahecha, "Comments on the Riemann conjecture and index theory on Cantorian-fractal space-time" (preprint hep-th/0009014)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[LvF] M.L. Lapidus and M. van Frankenhuysen, Fractal Geometry and Number Theory: Fractal Strings and Zeros of Zeta Functions (Birkhauser, 2000)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Pe] A. Petermann, "The so-called renormalization group method applied to the specific prime number logarithmic decrease", European Physical Journal C 187 (2000) 367-370.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[W1] M. Wolf, "Applications of statistical mechanics in prime number theory", preprint. Available on request from MWOLF@proton.ift.uni.wroc.pl, and summarised here.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[W2] M. Wolf, "Multifractality of prime numbers", Physica A 160 (1989), 24-42.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[W3] M. Wolf, "Random walk on the prime numbers", Physica A 250 (1998), 335-344.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[W4] M. Wolf, "1/f noise in the distribution of prime numbers", Physica A 241 (1997), 493-499.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[BTW] P. Bak, C. Tang, and K. Wiesenfeld, "Self-organized criticality", Physical Review A 38 (1988), 364-374.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[Pl] M. Planat, "1/f frequency noise in a communication receiver and the Riemann Hypothesis"&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[GGP1] H. Gopalkrishna Gadiyar and R. Padma, "Ramanujan-Fourier series, the Wiener-Khintchine formula and the distribution of prime pairs", Physica A 269 (1999) 503-510.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[GGP2] R. Padma and H.Gopalkrishna Gadiyar, "Renormalisation and the density of prime pairs" (preprint hep-th/9806061).&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[S] K. Sabbagh, Dr. Riemann's Zeros: The Search for the $1 Million Solution to the Greatest Problem in Mathematics (Atlantic Books, 2002)&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-2005767818440905822?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/2005767818440905822/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=2005767818440905822' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/2005767818440905822'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/2005767818440905822'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/04/blog-post_1547.html' title='정수론과 물리의 만남'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-6540525883277083097</id><published>2007-04-06T00:24:00.000-07:00</published><updated>2007-04-06T00:27:45.449-07:00</updated><title type='text'>인생수업일부..</title><content type='html'>진정한 자유는 가장 두려운 일들을 대담하게 행할 때 성취할 수 있습니다.&lt;br /&gt;두려움에 붙들지 않고 크게 한 걸음 내딛는 순간, 당신은 삶을 잃는 것이 아니라&lt;br /&gt;발견하게 됩니다. 두려움,걱정, 불안감에 사로잡혀 있으면서 겉으로만 안정된&lt;br /&gt;삶을 사는 것이 오히려 더 위험할 수 있습니다. 두려움을 당신 삶의 변함없는&lt;br /&gt;일부로 만들어서는 안됩니다. 두려움을 걷어버리거나 이겨 내야 역설적이게&lt;br /&gt;도 삶의 가장 안전한 장소에 도달할 수 있습니다...&lt;br /&gt;일단 두려움을 뛰어 넘으면 새로운 삶을 발견할 수 있습니다.&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-6540525883277083097?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/6540525883277083097/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=6540525883277083097' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/6540525883277083097'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/6540525883277083097'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/04/blog-post_06.html' title='인생수업일부..'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry><entry><id>tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1370113940882008026.post-3712698634155532251</id><published>2007-04-02T05:37:00.001-07:00</published><updated>2007-04-02T05:37:43.491-07:00</updated><title type='text'>구글 블로그 새로 만듬...</title><content type='html'>&lt;div class="blogger-post-footer"&gt;&lt;img width='1' height='1' src='https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/tracker/1370113940882008026-3712698634155532251?l=mathparadigm.blogspot.com' alt='' /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;</content><link rel='replies' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/feeds/3712698634155532251/comments/default' title='댓글'/><link rel='replies' type='text/html' href='http://www.blogger.com/comment.g?blogID=1370113940882008026&amp;postID=3712698634155532251' title='0개의 덧글'/><link rel='edit' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/3712698634155532251'/><link rel='self' type='application/atom+xml' href='http://www.blogger.com/feeds/1370113940882008026/posts/default/3712698634155532251'/><link rel='alternate' type='text/html' href='http://mathparadigm.blogspot.com/2007/04/blog-post.html' title='구글 블로그 새로 만듬...'/><author><name>weierstrouss</name><uri>http://www.blogger.com/profile/06913896060325466543</uri><email>noreply@blogger.com</email><gd:image rel='http://schemas.google.com/g/2005#thumbnail' width='32' height='28' src='http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_b5Szvhr4KK4/Sa5zS3dRUzI/AAAAAAAAADw/7m9MLuJ8pG4/S220/20081028104311.jpg'/></author><thr:total>0</thr:total></entry></feed>
